What is Laser?

LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The formal definition: A device that converts some form of energy (electrical, optical, chemical, etc.) into a narrow beam of light which is monochromatic (single pure color) and coherent (all waves in step with one another). Monochromatic means that it consist of one single color or wavelength. Even though some lasers can generator more than one wavelength, the light is extreme "pure" and consists of a very narrow spectral range. Directional means that the beam is very well collimated and travels over long distances with very little spread in diameter. Coherent means that all individual waves of light are moving precisely together through time and space, or are in phase. The effect of one wave enhances the strength of every other wave, so that the overall effect of coherent light is much greater than if the waves were not in phase. Because of these properties laser light can be focused to an extremely small spot, which results in a very large power density which produces a very high temperature. Lasers come in many different types, each with a different power level and wavelength (color). Some are so weak that you cannot feel the beam on your hand (i.e., supermarket scanners), while others might have an invisible beam that can burn a hole through a steel plate (large CO2 laser).

 

Portable Lasers

Laser technology has not always been portable or convenient to use. Recent advances in laser light science have turned large diode lasers into hand held portable laser pointers, perfect for any use including traveling, education, and photography (even submerged). The versatility and performance of todays portable lasers has created an extreme increase in hand held laser sales worldwide. What better way to stay current with your physics than an advanced portable laser.

 What is a DPSSL

DPSSL is the brief for Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser. It is an exciting new tool for OEM applications that combines the beam quality of a gas laser and the small size and efficiency of a diode laser with single-line output in the blue (457nm), green (532nm), or infrared (1064nm).

 

 

Laser Transverse Modes

The fundamental TEM00 mode is only one of many transverse modes that satisfy the round-trip propagation criteria. The figure below shows examples of the primary lower-order Hermite-Gaussian (rectangular) solutions to the propagation equation.

Note that the subscripts n and m in the Eigenmode TEM nm are correlated to the number of nodes in the x and y directions. In each case, adjacent lobes of the mode are 180° out of phase.

The propagation equation can also be written in cylindrical form in terms of radius (r) and angle (f). The eigenmodes (Erf) for this equation are a series of axially symmetric modes, which, for stable resonators, are closely approximated by Laguerre-Gaussian functions, denoted by TEMrf. For the lowest order mode, TEM00, the Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian functions are identical, but for higher order modes, they differ significantly, as shown in the figure below.

The mode, TEM01*, also known as the "bagel" or "doughnut" mode, is considered to be a superposition of the Hermite-Gaussian TEM10 and TEM01 modes, locked in phase quadrature.

In real-world lasers, the Hermite-Gaussian modes predominate since strain, slight misalignment, or contamination on the optics tends to drive the system toward rectangular coordinates. Nonetheless, the Laguerre-Gaussian TEM10 "target" or "bulls-eye" mode is clearly observed in well-aligned gas-ion and helium neon lasers with the appropriate limiting apertures.
L's, shown in the picture below, start with a standard diode laser operating at for example 808nm, the most common source. The output of this laser is focused into a small chip of neodymium-doped YAG or vanadate (the lasing medium) producing laser output at 914nm or 1064nm, depending on the basic configuration. To obtain blue or green ligth, a frequency-doubling crystal is inserted into the laser cavity. Finally, extracavity beam conditioning optics are added to enlarge and collimate the beam.

Green laser is also a primary color and is aesthetically attractive. Because of that it is widely used in laser shows and as stage lighting. Green laser light sources are also popular in medical devices and biological research. In recent years, diode-pumped solid-state () lasers have become an attractive alternative to aircooled argon ion lasers and green helium neon (HeNe) lasers in many applications. lasers, which, depending upon the configuration, produce output in the infrared (1064nm) or green (532 nm), combine high output power with long operating life. They exhibit excellent output stability, exceptional mode purity, and extremely low power consumption, and are ideal for both laboratory and OEM applications.

 

Military Lasers

Lasers are crucial military tools being used for both combat and intelligence gathering on the ground, in the air, and even in space. The military has invested billions into the development of tactical lasers for aeorspace defense as well as homeland security, which makes it no suprise that laser pointers are becoming standard issue for night time missions and training. Utilize the power and efficiency of military lasers in all portable laser technology.

 

 

 Beam Divergence

The beam divergence of an electromagnetic beam is an angular measure of the increase in beam diameter with distance from the optical aperture or antenna aperture from which the electromagnetic beam emerges. The term is relevant only in the "far field", away from any focus of the beam. Practically speaking, however, the far field can commence physically close to the radiating aperture, depending on aperture diameter and the operating wavelength.

Beam divergence is often used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, for cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength. That said, it is also used in the Radio Frequency (RF) regime for cases in which the antenna is operating in the so-called optical region and is likewise very large relative to a wavelength.

Beam divergence usually refers to a beam of circular cross section, but not necessarily so. A beam may, for example, have an elliptical cross section, in which case the orientation of the beam divergence must be specified, for example with respect to the major or minor axis of the elliptical cross section.

 

Infrared Lasers

Lasers with an infrared output produce a wavelength that is longer than that of seeable light, therefore special optics are required to view the infrared beam. Types of infrared laser diodes include CO2 lasers, fibre-coupled, and Far-infrared lasers; as well as infrared skin lasers (for medical use). There are no lasers more versitile than infrared lasers.

 

Astronomy Lasers

Lasers are being widely used for practical astronomy applications by educators and laser enthusiasts alike. The greatest range and visibility is provided by mainly the 532nm, 660nm or 473nm laser beam, making these hand held devices ideal for star gazing and pointing out constellations. A green laser pointer makes the universe come to light and is your ideal astronomy laser.

 

 

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